Vertical end-blown flutes (like recorders) often were made of llama bone, but are now usually carved from wood. Although grave robbers usually discard the instruments, archeologists often recover them. In the ruins and ancient graveyards on the Peruvian coast, small broken clay panpipes and whistle-like flutes producing pentatonic, diatonic, or exotic scales are still found. Inca military musicians also played conch-shell trumpets and timpani. From the original Andean people, the Incas inherited an astonishing variety of wind instruments, including flutes and panpipes of all types and sizes. Some of the instruments played in Peru today have their origins in Peru’s pre-Columbian history. Peru’s festivals blend the rites of the Catholic Church with those dating back much further-to Inca times or further back, with the veneration of Pacha Mama, "Mother Earth." In Cuzco the ancient celebration known as Fiesta del Sol, "Festival of the Sun," continues to celebrate the sun in the manner of original peoples. Special days such as Fiestas Patrias, "Fatherland Parties," commemorate Peru’s independence and are celebrated nationwide.
Local festivals abound in villages and cities throughout Peru. Each facet of Peru supports its own style of music and culture. Its long history includes ancient civilizations, original peoples, and Spanish conquistadors. From the jagged-topped Andes Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, from the rain forests of the Amazon River to the desert, and from rural villages to modern cities, Peru is a country filled with a great deal of variety.
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